Capacidade de respostas as demandas institucionais do campo organizacional da cadeia da carne bovina. Mapeamento e métricas de propriedades estruturais no Brasil e Argentina

The sociological approach of New Institutionalism has the premise that organisational responses to institutional demands depend on how the actors' network is structured. This article proposes a framework of measures to assess the structural properties of the organisational fields of beef in Brazil and Argentina in two large producing regions, intending to evaluate the capacity of both regions to respond to the growing institutional demands of the agrifood sector. Five structural properties of networks were identified from the literature review: openness, centralization, the density of central actors and their links with peripheral actors and intermediation attributes, which were associated with social network analysis measures. From this proposition of measures of social networks, a descriptive quantitative study was carried out based on secondary and primary data and analysis supported by the UCINET 6 software. It was mainly observed that both organisational fields are open to innovation, besides that the central actors are uncoordinated with few links with universities and research centres and different characteristics to absorb and transfer demands and associate central and peripheral actors. The contribution of this paper is on the application of a different theoretical approach that usually does not associate with the agribusiness organisational field.El Neoinstitucionalismo sociológico plantea que las respuestas organizacionales a las demandas institucionales dependen de cómo se estructura la red de actores de un campo organizacional. Frente a la necesidad de profundizar su mapeo empírico, este artículo propone un marco de medidas para valorar las propiedades estructurales de los campos organizacionales de la cadena de la carne bovina de Brasil y Argentina en dos grandes zonas productoras, que permita evaluar su capacidad de respuesta a crecientes demandas institucionales del ámbito agroalimentario. Se identificaron de la revisión bibliográfica cinco propiedades de la red: apertura, centralización, densidad de actores centrales y vínculos con periféricos y atributos de gatekeepers y brokers, asociados a métricas de análisis de redes sociales. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo comparativo cuantitativo, con base en fuentes secundarias y primarias, utilizando el software UCINET 6. Se observó que ambos campos organizacionales están abiertos a la innovación, aunque tienen actores centrales descoordinados con baja vinculación con universidades y organismos de investigación y diferentes características para absorber y transferir demandas y asociar actores centrales y periféricos. La principal contribución es la aplicación de un referencial teórico apoyado en un estudio empírico habitualmente no empleado para el análisis de cadenas agroalimentarias.A abordagem sociológica do Neoinstitucionalismo presume que as respostas organizacionais às demandas institucionais dependem de como a rede  de atores está estruturada. Este artigo propõe um quadro de medidas para avaliar as propriedades estruturais dos campos organizacionais da carne bovina no Brasil e na Argentina em duas grandes regiões produtoras com vista a avaliar a capacidade de ambas as regiões de responder às crescentes demandas institucionais do setor agroalimentar. Cinco propriedades  estruturais de redes foram identificadas a partir da literatura: abertura, centralização, densidade de atores centrais e suas ligações com atores periféricos e atributos de intermediação, os quais foram associadas a medidas de análise de redes sociais. A partir desta proposição de medidas de redes sociais, realizou-se um estudo quantitativo descritivo com base em dados secundários e primárias e análise apoiada pelo software UCINET 6. Observou-se que ambos os campos organizacionais possuem abertura para a inovação, apesar da presença de atores centrais descoordenados e baixo relacionamento com universidades e organizações de pesquisa, mas com características distintas para absorver e transferir conhecimento ou se associar atores centrais e periféricos. A contribuição do artigo está na aplicação de um referencial teórico geralmente não empregado em campos agroalimentares

Internet de las cosas, realidad de un mundo conectado

In recent years, the Internet has evolved till become the Internet of Things (IoT for its acronym). This is one of the most important and significant inventions of all humanity, generating a direct impact on the way of how people live, think and act. It is one of the most used terms by anyone who talks about intelligent connectivity. Internet of things changes everything, is the answer to connect to the network an incredible number of people and link everyday objects, which are equipped with sensors, actuators and communication technologies and they are used to exchange information from the physical world through the Internet, offering data in real time and monitored through the network. Thanks to IoT, more and more companies are integrating small sensors to real-world objects, which provide information about almost everything that can be measured, so the amount of information circulating through networks grows exponentially. Smart cities are a good example of the benefits that IoT brings, by improving the quality of life of people with the services that are offered in an efficient and sustainable way. The installation of IoT brings great challenges focused on information security in organizations, but also opportunities for development in all areas of daily life and excellent ideas for innovation.En los últimos años, internet ha evolucionado para convertirse en internet de las cosas (Internet of Things, IoT por sus siglas en inglés). Esta es una de las invenciones más importantes y significativas de toda la humanidad, generando un impacto directo en la forma de vivir, pensar y actuar. Es uno de los términos más utilizados por todo aquel que piensa en conectividad inteligente. Internet de las cosas lo cambia todo, es la respuesta de conectar a la red un número increíble de personas y objetos cotidianos, los cuales estarán equipados con sensores, actuadores y tecnologías de comunicación, que podrán intercambiar información del mundo físico a través de internet, ofreciendo datos en tiempos reales y monitoreados a través de la red. Con IoT, cada vez más empresas, están integrando pequeños sensores a objetos del mundo real, los cuales suministran información de casi todo los que se puede medir, por tanto la cantidad  de información  que circulan por las redes  crece de forma exponencial. Las ciudades inteligentes son un buen ejemplo de los beneficios que trae IoT, en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de las personas, con los servicios  que se ofrecen de forma eficiente y sostenible. La instauración de IoT  trae consigo grandes retos enfocados a la seguridad de la información en las organizaciones, pero también oportunidades de desarrollo en todos los ámbitos de la vida cotidiana y excelentes ideas de innovación

Relations entre la composition du lait et les facteurs alimentaires dans les troupeaux laitiers québécois

L’objectif général des travaux présentes dans cette thèse de doctorat était d’établir la relation entre l’alimentation et la composition du lait des vaches laitières, en mettant l’emphase sur les teneurs en matières grasses (TMG), sur l’urée du lait et sur l’efficience d’utilisation de l’azote. Pour la TMG, c’est principalement la relation entre cette teneur et la différence alimentaire cations-anions (DACA) qui a été investiguée. Une base de données de 2 142 troupeaux québécois a été utilisée et la relation entre la composition de la ration, incluant la DACA, et la TMG du lait a été déterminée à l’aide de régressions multiples. Il a été possible de prédire entre 32 et 66 % de la variation de la TMG du lait en fonction du stade de lactation. Malgré plusieurs interactions trouvées, une augmentation de la DACA, une supplémentation avec de l’acide palmitique et une distribution des aliments en ration totale mélangée ont eu une relation positive avec la TMG du lait, tandis qu’une augmentation de la proportion de concentrés dans la ration a eu un effet négatif. Les modèles développés ont montré l’importance de la gestion de l’alimentation sur la TMG du lait. En plus, ils ont démontré l’intérêt de considérer la DACA dans la formulation de rations chez la vache laitière. Dans une deuxième étude, la même base des données a été utilisée pour identifier les facteurs nutritionnels qui peuvent faire varier la teneur en urée du lait. Contrairement à ce qui est mentionné dans la littérature, tant des corrélations positives et que négatives entre les teneurs en urée du lait et en protéines des rations à l’intérieur des troupeaux sur une période de 36 mois ont été obtenues. Pour mieux comprendre ces relations, les résultats de performances et d’alimentation de 100 troupeaux avec des corrélations positives (r > 0,69) et de 100 troupeaux avec des corrélations négatives (r < -0,44) entre la teneur en urée du lait et en protéine brute de la ration ont été comparés. Les résultats n’ont pas montré de différences entre les deux groupes ni pour la composition de la ration, ni pour l’urée du lait. Ces résultats ne permettent pas d’identifier le meilleur contexte pour l’utilisation de la teneur en urée du lait comme un outil de gestion de l’alimentation. Ces observations soulèvent des questions sur la validité de l’utilisation des statistiques d’alimentation provenant de la base de données utilisée pour des évaluations nutritionnelles plus spécifiques. Considérant les résultats du projet précédent, le dernier projet visait à mieux comprendre les caractéristiques des fermes avec différentes efficiences d’utilisation de l’azote en utilisant des données plus fiables. Ainsi, 100 fermes laitières au Québec ont été visitées pour recueillir les données de production, de consommation d’aliments et de gestion de leur troupeau. Ces fermes ont été divisées en quatre groupes par une analyse en grappes selon leur efficience d’utilisation de l’azote. La comparaison entre les groupes a montré que les fermes dans les groupes avec une plus haute efficience d’utilisation d’azote ont une production laitière moyenne par vache plus élevée. Pour les stratégies d’alimentation, les fermes plus efficientes donnent plus d’énergie, mais moins de protéines brutes que les fermes des groupes moins efficients. Les résultats ont également montré l’importance de la prise alimentaire des vaches sur l’efficience d’utilisation de l’azote puisque les fermes des groupes avec la plus grande efficience étaient également celles avec la plus faible prise alimentaire. Aussi, les résultats n’ont pas permis d’établir clairement la relation entre la teneur en urée du lait et l’efficience de l’utilisation de l’azote. En effet, des valeurs différentes pour l’urée du lait étaient obtenues entre le groupe plus efficient et le moins efficient, mais la faible ampleur de variation de l’efficience d’utilisation de l’azote des groupes intermédiaires n’a pas permis d’observer de différences pour l’urée du lait. Finalement, outre une réduction des risques de pollution, les fermes des groupes plus efficaces pour l’utilisation de l’azote étaient également celles avec la marge sur les coûts d’alimentation par les vaches plus élevées. Par conséquent, il y a aussi un intérêt économique à améliorer l’efficience de l’utilisation de l’azote sur les fermes.The objective of this thesis was to establish the relationship between diet and milk composition, focusing on the milk fat concentration (MFC), milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and nitrogen use efficiency. For the MFC, mainly, the relationship between this component and the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) was studied. A database including 2 142 dairy herds from Québec was used to carry out multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between the diet composition, including DCAD, and the MFC. With the model built, it was possible to predict between 32 and 66% of the variation of MFC depending on the stage of lactation. Despite several interactions found, an increase in the DCAD, palmitic acid supplementation and distribution in total mixed ration had a positive relationship with MFC. Whereas an increase in the proportion of concentrate had a negative effect on the MFC. The models built showed the importance of feeding management and diet composition on MFC. In addition, it showed that DCAD should be taken into account for diet formulation. In a second study, the same database was used to identify nutritional factors that may affect MUN. Contrary to what is reported in the literature, positive but also negative correlations between MUN and dietary crude protein concentration within herds on a 36-month period were obtained. To better understand these relationships, results of diet composition and performance of 100 herds with positive correlations (r > 0.69) and 100 herds with negative correlations (r < -0.44) between MUN and crude protein concentration of the diet were compared. Results showed no differences between the groups for diet composition and for performance.Which suggested that there are other than nutritional factors that can affect MUN. Results from this study did not allow to pinpoint a better context of utilization for MUN as a tool for feeding management. These results raise questions on the validity of this type of dataset for specific nutritional evaluation. Considering the results of the previous study, the last project was to better understand the characteristics of the herds with different nitrogen use efficiency by using more reliable data. Thus, 100 Québec dairy herds were visited to collect data of production, feed intake and management practices. Herds were then divided in four groups by a cluster analysis according to their nitrogen use efficiency. The comparison between these groups showed that herds with greater nitrogen use efficiency had higher average milk yield per cow. Regarding feeding strategies, more efficient herds had more energy but less crude protein in their diets than the herds of the less efficient groups. The result of the analysis also showed the importance of the dry matter intake in the nitrogen use efficiency, because herds in the greater efficiency groups had a lower intake. Although, MUN was different between the group with the high efficiency and the low efficiency, the lack of a perfect concordance between MUN and the nitrogen efficiency and between MUN and dietary crude protein may have been due in part to the small difference in the nitrogen efficiency between the two intermediate groups. Finally, in addition of reducing the risk of nitrogen pollution, herds in the higher efficiency groups had the higher incomes over feed costs. There is therefore also an economic incentive to improve nitrogen use efficiency on farms

Las relaciones interpersonales y la agresividad en niños de 3 años del CDI Rayito de Sol, Cantón Milagro, Ecuador, 2018

La presente investigación se realiza con el fin de determinar si existe relación entre las significativa las relaciones interpersonales y la agresividad en niños de 3 años del CDI Rayito de Sol, Cantón Milagro, Ecuador, 2018; estuvo enmarca en un enfoque cuantitativo debido a los logros que fueron reflejados en tablas y gráficos estadísticos. Metodológicamente fue una investigación de diseño descriptivo correlacional con el propósito de establecer la relación existente entre las dos variables como son las relaciones interpersonales y la agresividad. La población muestral estuvo constituida por 20 niños de 3 años de edad. La técnica utilizada para recoger información fue la observación, cuyos instrumentos fueron: Guías de observación. Respecto a la validación de instrumentos, estos fueron validados a nivel de juicio de expertos, quienes aplicaron una matriz de valoración. Asimismo, una vez recolectada la información, esta se organizó en tablas y gráficos, además para realizar el cálculo de la relación entre las dos variables de estudio se aplicó en coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; asimismo se utilizó la aplicación SPSS y la hoja de cálculo para generar tablas y gráficos de la información sistematizada. Además, se logró concluir que el 75% de estudiantes presentan un nivel medio de agresividad física; el 15% presentan un nivel bajo y el 10% presentan un nivel alto; también se observó que el 60% de estudiantes presentan un nivel regular de interacción con los demás; el 20% presentan un nivel bueno y el 20% presentan un nivel malo. Se identificó un índice de 0,925; por lo que se concluye que existe una correlación muy alta entre las relaciones interpersonales y la agresividad; es decir, se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se acepta la hipótesis de investigación

Phantom and computational studies towards the clinical translation of gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy into neonatal respiratory care

Everything except vacuum is heterogeneous to some extent. Even media that we consider homogeneous (such as pure gases and water) can be taken apart into individual heterogeneities (such as atoms and molecules), which can be distinguished with a sufficiently fine probe. Absorption spectroscopy was extensively used by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in the 1860’s to separate, identify and measure various chemical substances. They defined a line of research, where traces of elements were just detectable with the aid of specialized instruments like the spectroscope, and since then, the absorption lines have been subject of experimental and theoretical developments. Today, we know that the nature of the absorption lines can be described by quantum mechanical changes induced in the atoms or molecules, and with the advances in light sources and sensing technologies, absorption spectroscopy has become a tremendously useful tool with a wide range of applications. The studies presented in this thesis are related to gas absorption spectroscopy, in particular, a technique called GASMAS, which stands for “GAs in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy”. This spectroscopy technique was introduced in Lund University in 2001 by S. Svanberg’s group, to study the spectral features of gases inside porous or hollowed scattering media, combining laser spectroscopy with sensitive modulation techniques. Unlike solids and liquids, which have a smooth absorption and scattering wavelength dependence (1 − 10 nm), gases exhibit sharp absorptive features (10−4 nm). This difference between the absorption spectra of solid state matter and gases, is the corner stone of this technique. In a typical GASMAS measurement, the laser wavelength is scanned across at least one of the absorption lines of the gas of interest. The small gas absorption signal (embedded in the scattered spectrum from the bulk material) is then filtered from the detected signal, making it possible to retrieve the gas concentrations and study their diffusion dynamics using the principles of the Beer-Lambert law. Although there is evidence of the potential of GASMAS to sense oxygen and water vapor in human cavities, such as the ear, nasal sinuses, lungs, intestines and hip bone, one the most promising clinical applications could be the lung function assessment in neonates. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the potential of translating GASMAS into such an application, combining a computational and experimental approach. Most of the work was done in a collaboration between Biophotonics@Tyndall, the Infant Centre (hosted at the Cork University Maternity Hospital-UCC) and the Swedish industry partner, GPX Medical who have built a pioneering GASMAS instrument, suitable for clinical use. The motivation behind this collaborative work, is to assist clinicians in the monitoring of lung function in premature newborns, as their lungs lack structural and biochemical maturation, which can result in respiratory failure. Currently, the use of GASMAS is limited to observational studies with healthy babies. Thus, the improvement and optimization of the technology depends on feasibility tests with tissue-like models. Phantoms mimicking the geometry and optical properties of the main thoracic organs, were created to study the influence of source detector positioning and chest physiognomy in the GASMAS signals. A functional phantom resembling the anatomy, temperature and humidity of the respiratory zone, was also developed to investigate the potential of GASMAS technique in measuring changes in inflated volume. The optimization of source-detector configurations over the thorax is one of the challenges in the clinical translation of GASMAS. It is crucial to define the optimal probe positioning, to obtain the highest possible signal reaching the detector, which also carries information of the gas absorption in lung tissue. Computational studies are then used to simulate the light transport in accurate anthropomorphic models, which contributes with the understanding of near infra-red interaction with the thorax, and most of all, to find the probe locations for which the detection of gas absorption is feasible, and enhance the data acquisition in future clinical studies. This document includes the theoretical background of GASMAS, the basics of respiratory physiology, and the current methods for clinical monitoring and diagnostics of lung pathologies in neonates. The following two chapters, show how the developed phantom and computational models enable the recreation of different clinical scenarios, suitable for GASMAS studies. The main contribute is the identification of the minimum requirements necessary to further improve and advance towards a GASMAS bedside clinical device, that can potentially be used, for lung function assessment and monitoring in neonatal respiratory health

A costela de Lilith

Trabalho de Projeto submetido à Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Teatro - especialização em Teatro e ComunidadeEste relatório consiste na documentação do processo criativo, inerente ao projeto A Costela de LILITH, onde se visa o construir poético a partir de memórias do corpo, neste caso, do corpo feminino. Este relatório funde teoria e prática, num percurso que se pretendeu transformador. Parte da análise a cinco oficinas de teatro, a vários grupos de mulheres, realizadas em diferentes locais que, além de terem uma base metodológica teatral, conjugam correntes da poesia e da escrita autobiográfica. Reveste-se de um corpo teórico que se inicia pela apresentação do projeto realizado e transita para uma documentação reflexiva da minha aprendizagem ao longo das oficinas. Intercala conceitos teóricos que se solidificaram na prática.ABSTRACT - This report consists of the documentation of the creative process inherent to the project A Costela de LILITH, which aims to create poetry from memories of the body, in this case, the female body. This report merges theory and practice in a path that is intended to be transformative. It starts from the analysis of five theater workshops, with various groups of women, held in different places that, in addition to having a theatrical methodological basis, combine currents of poetry and autobiographical writing. It covers a theoretical body that begins with the presentation of the project carried out and moves to a reflective documentation of my learning during the workshops. It intersperses theoretical concepts that have solidified from practice.N/

Role plays for speaking fluency

111 páginas y anexos.Este estudio de investigación pretendía mejorar la fluidez de la expresión oral en el cuarto grado a través de talleres basados en juegos de roles en el colegio Santo Tomás de Aquino. Los participantes fueron 22 estudiantes, de 8 a 10 años. Este estudio es una investigación de acción cualitativa que me permitió identificar las necesidades de los estudiantes, recopilar información y analizar datos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron artefactos de los estudiantes, notas de campo, entrevistas de grupos focales, grabaciones de audio y grabaciones de video. Después de analizar los datos, concluí que los materiales tuvieron un impacto positivo en el aprendizaje de idiomas de los estudiantes en términos de interacción y trabajo en grupo, así como captaron la atención de los estudiantes y les permitieron establecer conexiones con su realidad. Los estudiantes demostraron un compromiso activo en las actividades, asumiendo sus roles y haciendo conexiones con escenarios reales. Aspectos de su habla como la fluidez, la velocidad, el discurso natural se mejoraron a través de las actuaciones en los juegos. Este estudio de investigación tuvo implicaciones pedagógicas significativas en la habilidad oral de los estudiantes, en la comunidad de profesores de ELT y en mí como docente, investigadora y desarrolladora de materiales.This research study intended to improve the speaking fluency in fourth graders through worksheets based on role plays at Santo Tomás de Aquino School. The participants were 22 students, aged 8 to 10 years. This study is a qualitative action research that allowed me to identify the students' needs, collect information and analyze data. The instruments for data gathering were students' artifacts, field notes, focus groups interviews, audio-recordings and video-recordings. After analyzing the data, I concluded that materials had a positive impact on students' language learning in terms on interaction and group work, as well as they captured the students' attention and allowed them to make connections with their reality. The learners demonstrated an active engagement in the activities, assuming their roles and making connections with actual scenarios. Aspects of their speaking like fluency, speed, natural discourse were improved through the performances in the role-plays. This research study had meaningful pedagogical implications on the students' speaking skill, on the ELT community of teachers, and on me as a teacher, researcher and material developer.Magíster en Educación (Modalidad Investigación)Maestrí

Comparación de Intervalos de Confianza para el Coeficiente de Correlación

Resumen: La construcción de intervalos de confianza para la estimación del coeficiente de correlación en la distribución normal bivariada, digamos ρ, es un problema importante en el trabajo estadístico aplicado. Uno de los propósitos principales de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de los diferentes procedimientos para su construcción, en la distribución normal bivariada. Mediante un estudio de simulación se analiza el comportamiento de los niveles de confianza reales y se comparan con los teóricos. Se estudia además el comportamiento de las longitudes de los intervalos de confianza logrados por nueve métodos considerados en la Estadística clásica y dos Intervalos de credibilidad construidos mediante el enfoque Bayesiano para así determinar cuál metodología provee los intervalos más cortos y de nivel real más cercano al nominal. Además, se propone un indicador que resume de manera más efectiva la calidad del intervalo analizado. Dicho estudio de simulación se desarrolló empleando el software R (R Development Core Team 2010) para construir los intervalos de confianza, las distribuciones muestrales de diversos estadísticos utilizados y obtener las gráficas de resumen de resultados obtenidos. Dentro del enfoque clásico hay ciertos procedimientos que generan mejores resultados para muestras pequeñas, mientras que en el enfoque Bayesiano las conclusiones no son homogéneas en cuanto a la selección de la "mejor" distribución a priori para ρAbstract: The construction of confidence intervals for the estimate of the correlation coefficient in the bivariate normal distribution, say ρ, is an important problem in applied statistical work. One of the main purposes of this paper is to review the different procedures for their construction, in the case of the bivariate normal distribution. Through a simulation study we analyse the behavior of real confidence levels and compare them with the theoretical ones. We also analyse the behavior of the confidence interval's lengths achieved by nine methods considered in classical statistics and two credibility intervals using the Bayesian methodology to determine which provides the shorter intervals and a coverage probability closer to the nominal one. Furthermore, we propose an indicator that summarizes even more effectively the analyzed interval quality. This simulation study was developed using the R software (R Development Core Team 2010) to construct confidence intervals, sampling distributions of various statistics used in this paper and to get summary results graphs. Within the classical approach there are certain procedures that generate better results for smaller samples, while the Bayesian approach conclusions are not homogeneous in terms of the selection of the "best" apriori distribution for ρMaestrí